In ‘The Descent of Man’, published in 1871, Charles Darwin proposed a synthetic theory of the human biological and cultural evolution, but some of his most remarkable ideas were lost as the social sciences and life sciences became separate disciplines. At the end of this talk, I will show you that this close link between nature and culture is demonstrated 150 years later by the most recent research. To do this, my talk will focus on several key events in human evolution, namely: a) the emergence of the genus Homo and our species Homo sapiens in Africa, b) the emergence and disappearance of the Neanderthals in Eurasia, and c) the demographic and cultural changes of Homo sapiens.