Tree-ring widths represent the most commonly used proxy to reconstruct the climate of the last millennium at high resolution, thanks to their large-scale availability. The approach often relies on a relationship between tree-ring width series and climate estimated on the basis of a linear regression. The underlying linearity and stationarity assumptions may be inadequate.

In Peru, hydropower is the largest energy resource accounting for about 60% of the total energy production.

Biomass production generates land use impacts in the form of emissions from Forestry and Other Land Use (FOLU), i.e. due to changes in ecosystem carbon stocks. Recently, consumption-based accounting (CBA) approaches have emerged as alternatives to conventional production-based accounts, quantifying FOLU emissions associated with biomass consumption, for example, of particular territories.

The Dry Chaco is a semi-arid ecoregion in South America, covering parts of Argentina, Paraguay, and Bolivia. To date, the region hosts one of the largest dry forests in the world. Since the 1980s, the region has been characterized by large-scale deforestation for soybean production and intensive cattle ranching.