The "Farmland Bird Index" is widely used as a proxy to assess the biodiversity status of agricultural landscapes in Europe. This official indicator is calculated from long-term breeding birds monitoring data, collected by dedicated volunteer birdwatchers. In Wallonia, this monitoring scheme is coordinated by Aves-Natagora since 1990.

Recent widespread and frequent droughts have had devastating ecological and economic consequences over monsoonal Asia and the Europe, but the severity and cause of these extremes remain unclear. Tree-ring oxygen isotope (δ18O) has been widely used in reconstructing continuous, high-resolution drought history.

The expected production of a wind project is made by assessing the historical wind resource of the site. In the context of climate change, the future wind resource might differ from what was observed in the past. If a significant change in wind regime is observed, the investment decisions in renewable energy might be impacted.