Agricultural terrace systems are the volumetrically largest, most common, and oldest artificial landforms. They have been implemented globally to allow cultivation of steep terrain and are among the most extensive anthropogenic landscapes, second only to urban areas.

 Volcanic arcs in the humid tropics may contribute disproportionately to global CO2 consumption through silicate weathering. Accurately modelling the impact of volcanic-arc landscapes on the earth’s long-term carbon cycle requires understanding how climate and physical erosion control weathering fluxes and CO2 consumption from arc landscapes.