Climate variability includes an internal and forced component. Internal variability refers to the inherent fluctuations of the climate that arise with the climate system itself. These fluctuations emerge from the interactions between the different components of the climate system (e.g., atmosphere, ocean). One of the most known examples of internal variability is El-Ninõ-Southern Oscillation.

Salinization of cultivated lands is of growing concern and represents high economical losses for farmers and countries, especially for glycophyte (salt-sensitive) species. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is the second most highly produced vegetable worldwide, and is cultivated in several regions affected by salinity; however, this species is recognized as a glycophyte species.

Geography and photography. Two seemingly distinct fields that actually share many common traits. From studying geography to becoming a landscape photographer, the presentation is about how geography guided my approach and became a central part of my photography.

Extreme-value theory is the branch of statistics that studies rare events. In the last decades, its popularity within the climate sciences has been growing, driven by the increasing awareness that extreme climate events will intensify in frequency and magnitude in view of climate change.

This thesis aims to perform a comprehensive and systematic investigation of the climate response in the two hemispheres to astronomical parameters, CO2 and Northern Hemisphere (NH) ice sheets, as well as the half-precession cycles, during the interglacials of the past 800 ka mainly based on snapshot and transient simulations using the LOVECLIM model.

Reconstructions of Holocene Optimum (HO) in East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) regime from speleothem versus other proxy records have yielded divergent phase relationships with the EASM and local precipitation. This apparent discrepancy has been partly attributed to the uncertainties in the climatic representation of Chinese speleothem oxygen isotope (δ18O) records.